{"id":717,"date":"2024-07-13T10:32:55","date_gmt":"2024-07-13T10:32:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.meniit.com\/study-material\/?p=717"},"modified":"2024-07-29T06:29:24","modified_gmt":"2024-07-29T06:29:24","slug":"enzymes","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.meniit.com\/study-material\/neet\/class-11th\/zoology\/enzymes","title":{"rendered":"Enzymes"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Enzymes or biocatalysts are proteinaceous substances that are capable of catalyzing chemical reaction of biological systems without themselves undergoing any change.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">All <strong>enzymes are proteins<\/strong> except Ribozymes \u2013 viz \u2013 Ribonuclease-P, Snurps (Ribonucleoprotein), ScRNAs (cytoplasmic RNAs), Peptidyl transferase. Enzymes are generally globular with three-dimensional conformation and active sites.<\/p>\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_69_1 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-light-blue ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/www.meniit.com\/study-material\/neet\/class-11th\/zoology\/enzymes\/#Activation-Energy\" title=\"Activation Energy\">Activation Energy<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/www.meniit.com\/study-material\/neet\/class-11th\/zoology\/enzymes\/#Nature-of-Enzyme-Action\" title=\"Nature of Enzyme Action\">Nature of Enzyme Action<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/www.meniit.com\/study-material\/neet\/class-11th\/zoology\/enzymes\/#Classification-of-Enzymes\" title=\"Classification of Enzymes\">Classification of Enzymes<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Activation-Energy\"><\/span>Activation Energy<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">This is amount of energy required to overcome energy barrier of reactants and make them reactive to start a chemical reaction e.g. 32000 cal\/mole for acid hydrolysis of sucrose.<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Nature-of-Enzyme-Action\"><\/span>Nature of Enzyme Action<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Each enzyme has an active site to which substrate binds and forms a short lived highly reactive enzyme-substrate complex. This is followed by formation off the enzyme-product complex (EP). Finally, the enzyme product complex dissociated into product (P) and the enzyme freed remains unchanged and is able to bind more substrate molecules.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The formation of the ES complex action can be described as follows.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-720 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.meniit.com\/study-material\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/enzyme-action.png\" alt=\"enzyme-action\" width=\"264\" height=\"42\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-718 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.meniit.com\/study-material\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/enzymes.png\" alt=\"enzymes\" width=\"436\" height=\"496\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.meniit.com\/study-material\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/enzymes.png 436w, https:\/\/www.meniit.com\/study-material\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/enzymes-264x300.png 264w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 436px) 100vw, 436px\" \/><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Classification-of-Enzymes\"><\/span>Classification of Enzymes<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">International union of bio-chemistry (IUB 1961), has classified enzymes into six classes and each enzyme has a four digit classification \u2013 class, subclass, subdivision of subclass and serial number e.g. hexokinase \u2013 2.7.1.1, trypsin \u2013 3.4.21.4 etc.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><strong>Class I<\/strong>: Oxidoreductases \u2013 These catalyse oxidation and reduction reactions (addition or removal of oxygen \/ hydrogen \/ electrons) e.g. oxidases, catalase, peroxidases, dehydrogenases, reductases,<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-719 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.meniit.com\/study-material\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/oxidoreductases.png\" alt=\"oxidoreductases\" width=\"465\" height=\"48\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.meniit.com\/study-material\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/oxidoreductases.png 465w, https:\/\/www.meniit.com\/study-material\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/oxidoreductases-300x31.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 465px) 100vw, 465px\" \/><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><strong>Class II<\/strong>: Transferases \u2013 These transfer a group \/ radical from one chemical to another, e.g. transphosphorylases, transglycosidases, transacylases, transmethylases, transaminases, etc.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-721 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.meniit.com\/study-material\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/transferases.png\" alt=\"transferases\" width=\"244\" height=\"31\" \/><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><strong>Class III<\/strong>: Hydrolases \u2013 These perform cleavage of substrate through the addition of water in the region of specific bonds e.g. carbohydrases (glycosidases), esterases (lipase, phosphatases, sulphatases), amidases and proteases.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Class IV<\/strong>: Lyases \u2013 These perform non-hydrolytic cleavage, union, removal or addition of groups e.g. decarboxylases, aldolases, some carboxylases. AND produces double bond.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-723 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.meniit.com\/study-material\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/lyases.png\" alt=\"lyases\" width=\"268\" height=\"102\" \/><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Class V<\/strong>: Isomerases \u2013 These perform molecular rearrangement to form optical, geometrical or positional isomers.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Class VI<\/strong>: Ligases \/ Synthetases \u2013 These catalyse synthesis of different bonds (C\u2013C, S\u2013S, C\u2013O, C\u2013N) in presence of energy provided by ATP e.g. pyruvate carboxylase. Water may or may not be released. These bring about polymerization \/ condensation reaction, amination, carboxylation.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"newspaper-x-tags\"><strong>TAGS: <\/strong><span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.meniit.com\/study-material\/tag\/activation-energy\" rel=\"tag\">Activation Energy<\/a><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.meniit.com\/study-material\/tag\/classification-of-enzymes\" rel=\"tag\">Classification of Enzymes<\/a><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.meniit.com\/study-material\/tag\/enzymes\" rel=\"tag\">Enzymes<\/a><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.meniit.com\/study-material\/tag\/nature-of-enzyme-action\" rel=\"tag\">Nature of Enzyme Action<\/a> <\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Enzymes or biocatalysts are proteinaceous substances that are capable of catalyzing chemical reaction of biological systems without themselves undergoing any&nbsp;&nbsp;&#8230;.<a class=\"read_more\" href=\"https:\/\/www.meniit.com\/study-material\/neet\/class-11th\/zoology\/enzymes\" rel=\"nofollow\">Read More >><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":1133,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"rank_math_lock_modified_date":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[242,241,240],"tags":[290,292,289,291],"class_list":["post-717","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-zoology","category-class-11th","category-neet","tag-activation-energy","tag-classification-of-enzymes","tag-enzymes","tag-nature-of-enzyme-action"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.meniit.com\/study-material\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/717","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.meniit.com\/study-material\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.meniit.com\/study-material\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.meniit.com\/study-material\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.meniit.com\/study-material\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=717"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/www.meniit.com\/study-material\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/717\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":726,"href":"https:\/\/www.meniit.com\/study-material\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/717\/revisions\/726"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.meniit.com\/study-material\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1133"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.meniit.com\/study-material\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=717"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.meniit.com\/study-material\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=717"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.meniit.com\/study-material\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=717"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}