{"id":615,"date":"2024-07-11T11:57:12","date_gmt":"2024-07-11T11:57:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.meniit.com\/study-material\/?p=615"},"modified":"2024-07-29T06:17:28","modified_gmt":"2024-07-29T06:17:28","slug":"carbohydrates","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.meniit.com\/study-material\/neet\/class-11th\/zoology\/carbohydrates","title":{"rendered":"Carbohydrates"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Carbohydrates are polyhydroxy (having many \u2013 OH groups) aldehydes or ketones and their condensation products. Aldehyde group (\u2013CHO) is generally terminal while ketone group (&gt; C = O) is commonly sub-terminal.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Many, but not all, carbohydrates have the empirical formula of C<sub>n<\/sub>(H<sub>2<\/sub>O)<sub>n<\/sub> or (CH<sub>2<\/sub>O)<sub>n<\/sub>, (where the value of integer <em>n<\/em> is 3\u20137 for monomers); some also contain nitrogen, phosphorus, or sulfur.<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Types : Carbohydrates are of three types:<\/strong><\/h2>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>Monosaccharides.<\/li>\n<li>Oligosaccharides.<\/li>\n<li>Polysaccharides.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_69_1 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-light-blue ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/www.meniit.com\/study-material\/neet\/class-11th\/zoology\/carbohydrates\/#A-Monosaccharides\" title=\"A. Monosaccharides\">A. Monosaccharides<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/www.meniit.com\/study-material\/neet\/class-11th\/zoology\/carbohydrates\/#Types-of-Monosaccharides\" title=\"Types of Monosaccharides\">Types of Monosaccharides<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/www.meniit.com\/study-material\/neet\/class-11th\/zoology\/carbohydrates\/#B-Oligosaccharides\" title=\"B. Oligosaccharides\">B. Oligosaccharides<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/www.meniit.com\/study-material\/neet\/class-11th\/zoology\/carbohydrates\/#C-Polysaccharides\" title=\"C. Polysaccharides\">C. Polysaccharides<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"A-Monosaccharides\"><\/span>A. Monosaccharides<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">They are simple reducing polyhydroxy aldehyde or ketone sugars or carbohydrate monomers which cannot be hydrolysed further into smaller subunits. These are generally colourless, crystalline and mostly sweet to taste.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">General formula C<sub>n<\/sub>H<sub>2n<\/sub>O<sub>n<\/sub> or (CH<sub>2<\/sub>O)<sub>n<\/sub>. Here n = 3 to 7.<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Types-of-Monosaccharides\"><\/span>Types of Monosaccharides<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Depending upon the number of carbon atoms present, the monosaccharides are of five types, each with its further aldose and ketose forms.<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th width=\"122\"><strong>Monosaccharides<\/strong><\/th>\n<th width=\"107\"><strong>1. Trioses<\/strong><\/th>\n<th width=\"75\"><strong>2.Tetroses<\/strong><\/th>\n<th width=\"98\"><strong>3.Pentoses<\/strong><\/th>\n<th width=\"80\"><strong>4.Hexoses<\/strong><\/th>\n<th width=\"101\"><strong>5. Heptoses<\/strong><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"122\"><strong>A. <\/strong>Aldose<\/td>\n<td width=\"107\">Glyceraldehydes<\/td>\n<td width=\"75\">Erythrose, Threose,<\/td>\n<td width=\"98\">Ribose, Deoxyribose, Xylose, Arabinose<\/td>\n<td width=\"80\">Glucose, Galactose, Mannose<\/td>\n<td width=\"101\">Glucoheptose, Galactoheptose<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"122\"><strong>B. <\/strong>Ketose<\/td>\n<td width=\"107\">Dihydroxy acetone<\/td>\n<td width=\"75\">Erythrulose<\/td>\n<td width=\"98\">Ribulose<\/td>\n<td width=\"80\">Fructose<\/td>\n<td width=\"101\">Sedoheptulose<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"B-Oligosaccharides\"><\/span>B. Oligosaccharides<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">They are small-sized polymers of monosaccharides having 2-6 simple sugars, occasionally upto 9\u201310, formed by condensation of two or more monosaccharides.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Depending upon the number of monosaccharides residues present, oligosaccharides are called disaccharides, trysccharides, tetrasaccharides, pentasaccharides and hexasaccharides.<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><strong>Disaccharides: <\/strong>Composed of two monosaccharides residues.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Glycosidic bond occurs between two forms at carbon atom 1 of one monosaccharides and carbon atom 4 of second monosaccharides.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">E.g. Sucrose (glucose + fructose), Lactose (glucose + galactose), Maltose (glucose + glucose).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-621 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.meniit.com\/study-material\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/sucrose.png\" alt=\"Sucrose\" width=\"529\" height=\"375\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.meniit.com\/study-material\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/sucrose.png 529w, https:\/\/www.meniit.com\/study-material\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/sucrose-300x213.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 529px) 100vw, 529px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-622 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.meniit.com\/study-material\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/maltose.png\" alt=\"maltose\" width=\"522\" height=\"352\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.meniit.com\/study-material\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/maltose.png 522w, https:\/\/www.meniit.com\/study-material\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/maltose-300x202.png 300w, https:\/\/www.meniit.com\/study-material\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/maltose-95x65.png 95w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 522px) 100vw, 522px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-623 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.meniit.com\/study-material\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/lactose.png\" alt=\"lactose\" width=\"492\" height=\"310\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.meniit.com\/study-material\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/lactose.png 492w, https:\/\/www.meniit.com\/study-material\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/lactose-300x189.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 492px) 100vw, 492px\" \/><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"C-Polysaccharides\"><\/span>C. Polysaccharides<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Polysaccharides are complex carbohydrates, which are formed by <strong>polymerisation<\/strong> of more than <strong>ten<\/strong> but generally very large number of units called monosaccharides. Polysaccharides are also called, glycans (Gk. glykys-sweet), because of their formation from saccharides. Though formed from saccharides, polysaccharides are not sweet to taste.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><strong>Starch<\/strong>: A molecule of starch consists of two components, an inner core of amylose and an outer coat of amylopectin. The two components of starch differ in their solubility and reaction to iodine. Amylose gives blue-black colour with iodine solution (I + KI solution) while amylopectin develops red-violet colour.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Amylose is a straight but helically coiled chain of D-glucose residues (pyranose form) attached by \u03b1(1 \u2192 4). Amylopectin is the outer branched part of starch molecule having short chains of about 25-30 glucose units linked by \u03b1(1 \u2192 4) bonds but have branched joined by \u03b1(1 \u2192 6) linkage.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-626 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.meniit.com\/study-material\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/amylopectin.png\" alt=\"amylopectin\" width=\"997\" height=\"498\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.meniit.com\/study-material\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/amylopectin.png 997w, https:\/\/www.meniit.com\/study-material\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/amylopectin-300x150.png 300w, https:\/\/www.meniit.com\/study-material\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/amylopectin-768x384.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 997px) 100vw, 997px\" \/><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><strong>Glycogen (Animal starch)<\/strong>: It is glycosan homo polysaccharide which is the major reserve food of animals, fungi and some bacteria.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">It is composed of \u03b1-D-glucosopyranose units. In the straight part of chain, glucose residues are attached by \u03b1(1 \u2192 4) linkage while in the region of branching carbon 6 of straight chain glucose residue is linked to carbon atom 1 of the side chain glucose unit. It is called \u03b1(1 \u2192 6) linkage.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><strong>Cellulose<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Cellulose is fibrous glucosan homopolysaccharides, structural polysaccharide of plant cell walls, walls of some primitive fungi, some protists. It is the <strong>most abundant molecule of earth<\/strong>. Cellulose molecules are long chain polymers of 6,000\u201310,000 \u03b2-glucose units. They are unbranched straight and linear. The adjacent \u03b2-glucose units are joined by \u03b2(1 \u2192 4) linkages.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><strong> Chitin<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Chitin is the <strong>second most abundant<\/strong> organic material.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">It is structural homo polysaccharides, found in fungal walls (fungus cellulose), as chitin in the exoskeleton of arthropods. It is insoluble in water and a number of solvent.<\/p>\n<div class=\"newspaper-x-tags\"><strong>TAGS: <\/strong><span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.meniit.com\/study-material\/tag\/carbohydrates\" rel=\"tag\">Carbohydrates<\/a><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.meniit.com\/study-material\/tag\/monosaccharides\" rel=\"tag\">Monosaccharides<\/a><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.meniit.com\/study-material\/tag\/oligosaccharides\" rel=\"tag\">Oligosaccharides<\/a><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.meniit.com\/study-material\/tag\/polysaccharides\" rel=\"tag\">Polysaccharides<\/a> <\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Carbohydrates are polyhydroxy (having many \u2013 OH groups) aldehydes or ketones and their condensation products. Aldehyde group (\u2013CHO) is generally&nbsp;&nbsp;&#8230;.<a class=\"read_more\" href=\"https:\/\/www.meniit.com\/study-material\/neet\/class-11th\/zoology\/carbohydrates\" rel=\"nofollow\">Read More >><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":1128,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"rank_math_lock_modified_date":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[242,241,240],"tags":[249,250,251,252],"class_list":["post-615","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-zoology","category-class-11th","category-neet","tag-carbohydrates","tag-monosaccharides","tag-oligosaccharides","tag-polysaccharides"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.meniit.com\/study-material\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/615","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.meniit.com\/study-material\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.meniit.com\/study-material\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.meniit.com\/study-material\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.meniit.com\/study-material\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=615"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/www.meniit.com\/study-material\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/615\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":633,"href":"https:\/\/www.meniit.com\/study-material\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/615\/revisions\/633"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.meniit.com\/study-material\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1128"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.meniit.com\/study-material\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=615"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.meniit.com\/study-material\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=615"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.meniit.com\/study-material\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=615"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}