{"id":1079,"date":"2024-08-07T09:32:57","date_gmt":"2024-08-07T09:32:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.meniit.com\/study-material\/?p=1079"},"modified":"2024-08-07T09:32:57","modified_gmt":"2024-08-07T09:32:57","slug":"units-and-measurement","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.meniit.com\/study-material\/neet\/class-11th\/physics-class-11th\/units-and-measurement","title":{"rendered":"Units and Measurement"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\">FUNDAMENTAL FORCES IN NATURE<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">There are four fundamental forces in nature :<\/p>\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_69_1 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-light-blue ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/www.meniit.com\/study-material\/neet\/class-11th\/physics-class-11th\/units-and-measurement\/#Gravitational-Force\" title=\"Gravitational Force\">Gravitational Force<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/www.meniit.com\/study-material\/neet\/class-11th\/physics-class-11th\/units-and-measurement\/#Electromagnetic-Force\" title=\"Electromagnetic Force\">Electromagnetic Force<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/www.meniit.com\/study-material\/neet\/class-11th\/physics-class-11th\/units-and-measurement\/#Strong-Nuclear-Force\" title=\"Strong Nuclear Force\">Strong Nuclear Force<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/www.meniit.com\/study-material\/neet\/class-11th\/physics-class-11th\/units-and-measurement\/#Weak-Nuclear-Force\" title=\"Weak Nuclear Force\">Weak Nuclear Force<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/www.meniit.com\/study-material\/neet\/class-11th\/physics-class-11th\/units-and-measurement\/#UNITS\" title=\"UNITS\">UNITS<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/www.meniit.com\/study-material\/neet\/class-11th\/physics-class-11th\/units-and-measurement\/#Other-International-Systems-are\" title=\"Other International Systems are:\">Other International Systems are:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/www.meniit.com\/study-material\/neet\/class-11th\/physics-class-11th\/units-and-measurement\/#DIMENSIONS\" title=\"DIMENSIONS\">DIMENSIONS<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/www.meniit.com\/study-material\/neet\/class-11th\/physics-class-11th\/units-and-measurement\/#SIGNIFICANT-FIGURES\" title=\"SIGNIFICANT FIGURES\">SIGNIFICANT FIGURES<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/www.meniit.com\/study-material\/neet\/class-11th\/physics-class-11th\/units-and-measurement\/#Significant-Figure-in-Algebraic-Operation\" title=\"Significant Figure in Algebraic Operation\">Significant Figure in Algebraic Operation<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/www.meniit.com\/study-material\/neet\/class-11th\/physics-class-11th\/units-and-measurement\/#Rounding-Off-The-Uncertain-Digit-Least-Significant-Digit\" title=\"Rounding Off The Uncertain Digit (Least Significant Digit)\">Rounding Off The Uncertain Digit (Least Significant Digit)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/www.meniit.com\/study-material\/neet\/class-11th\/physics-class-11th\/units-and-measurement\/#ERROR-ANALYSIS-IN-EXPERIMENTS\" title=\"ERROR ANALYSIS IN EXPERIMENTS\">ERROR ANALYSIS IN EXPERIMENTS<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/www.meniit.com\/study-material\/neet\/class-11th\/physics-class-11th\/units-and-measurement\/#Combination-of-Errors\" title=\"Combination of Errors\">Combination of Errors<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/www.meniit.com\/study-material\/neet\/class-11th\/physics-class-11th\/units-and-measurement\/#Errors-in-Quantity-raised-to-Some-Power\" title=\"Errors in Quantity raised to Some Power\">Errors in Quantity raised to Some Power<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/www.meniit.com\/study-material\/neet\/class-11th\/physics-class-11th\/units-and-measurement\/#MEASURING-INSTRUMENT\" title=\"MEASURING INSTRUMENT\">MEASURING INSTRUMENT<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/www.meniit.com\/study-material\/neet\/class-11th\/physics-class-11th\/units-and-measurement\/#Vernier-Callipers\" title=\"Vernier Callipers\">Vernier Callipers<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16\" href=\"https:\/\/www.meniit.com\/study-material\/neet\/class-11th\/physics-class-11th\/units-and-measurement\/#Screw-Gauge\" title=\"Screw Gauge\">Screw Gauge<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Gravitational-Force\"><\/span>Gravitational Force<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1080 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.meniit.com\/study-material\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Gravitational-Force.png\" alt=\"Gravitational Force\" width=\"329\" height=\"157\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.meniit.com\/study-material\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Gravitational-Force.png 329w, https:\/\/www.meniit.com\/study-material\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Gravitational-Force-300x143.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 329px) 100vw, 329px\" \/><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Gravitational force is weakest force and conservative in nature.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">It is the force of mutual attraction between any two objects by virtue of their masses.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">It is a universal force and always attractive in nature.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">The gravitational force is appreciable only when at least one of the two bodies has a large mass.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Electromagnetic-Force\"><\/span>Electromagnetic Force<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1081 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.meniit.com\/study-material\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Electromagnetic-Force.png\" alt=\"Electromagnetic Force\" width=\"310\" height=\"156\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.meniit.com\/study-material\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Electromagnetic-Force.png 310w, https:\/\/www.meniit.com\/study-material\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Electromagnetic-Force-300x151.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 310px) 100vw, 310px\" \/><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Electromagnetic force is the force between charge particles.<\/li>\n<li>They are attractive as well as repulsive in nature.<\/li>\n<li>When charges are in motion, they produce magnetic field giving rise to a force on a moving<br \/>\ncharge.<\/li>\n<li>It is quite strong compared to gravity.<\/li>\n<li>For example, electric force between two protons is 10 36 times the gravitational force between<br \/>\nthem, for a certain distance.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Strong-Nuclear-Force\"><\/span>Strong Nuclear Force<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>It is independent of charge.<\/li>\n<li>The strong nuclear force is the strongest of all fundamental forces.<\/li>\n<li>Its range is extremely small of the order nuclear dimensions (10\u201315 m).<\/li>\n<li>It is responsible for the stability of nuclei.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Weak-Nuclear-Force\"><\/span>Weak Nuclear Force<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>The weak nuclear force is not as weak as the gravitational force but much weaker than strong<br \/>\nnuclear force.<\/li>\n<li>The weak nuclear force appears only in certain nuclear processes \u03b2-decay of a nucleus.<\/li>\n<li>The range of weak nuclear force is exceedingly small of the order 10<sup>\u201336<\/sup> m.<\/li>\n<li>Range of gravitational force &gt; Range of electromagnetic force &gt; Range of nuclear force.<\/li>\n<li>Strength of nuclear force &gt; Strength of electromagnetic force &gt; Strength of gravitational force<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1082 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.meniit.com\/study-material\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/weak-nuclear-force.png\" alt=\"weak nuclear force\" width=\"442\" height=\"115\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.meniit.com\/study-material\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/weak-nuclear-force.png 442w, https:\/\/www.meniit.com\/study-material\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/weak-nuclear-force-300x78.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 442px) 100vw, 442px\" \/><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"UNITS\"><\/span>UNITS<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th class=\"thhead\">S.No.<\/th>\n<th class=\"thhead\">Fundamental Physical Quantity<\/th>\n<th class=\"thhead\">Units<\/th>\n<th class=\"thhead\">Symbol<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"57\">1.<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"220\">Length<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"78\">metre<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"77\">m<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"57\">2.<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"220\">Mass<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"78\">kilogram<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"77\">kg<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"57\">3.<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"220\">Time<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"78\">second<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"77\">s<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"57\">4.<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"220\">Electric Current<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"78\">ampere<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"77\">A<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"57\">5.<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"220\">Luminous Intensity<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"78\">candela<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"77\">cd<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"57\">6.<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"220\">Temperature<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"78\">kelvin<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"77\">K<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"57\">7.<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"220\">Amount of Substance<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"78\">mole<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"77\">mol<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" rowspan=\"2\" width=\"129\"><strong>Supplementary fundamental quantities<\/strong><\/td>\n<th class=\"thhead\" style=\"text-align: center;\" colspan=\"3\">Supplementary <strong>Units<\/strong><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th class=\"thhead\">Name<\/th>\n<th class=\"thhead\">Symbol<\/th>\n<th class=\"thhead\">Definition<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"129\">Plane angle<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"79\">Radian<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"76\">rad<\/td>\n<td width=\"277\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">One radian is the angle subtended at the centre of a circle by an arc equal in length to the radius of the circle, i.e.,<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">d\u03b8 = ds\/r<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"129\">Solid angle<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"79\">Steradian<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"76\">sr<\/td>\n<td width=\"277\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">One steradian is the solid angle subtended at the centre of a sphere, by that surface of the sphere, which is equal in area, to the square of radius of the sphere, i.e.,<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">d\u03a9 = dA\/r<sup>2<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">However, definition of units is under constant review and is changed from time to time. A body named<br \/>\n\u201cGeneral conference on Height and Measures\u201d holds the meeting to decide any changes in units.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Other-International-Systems-are\"><\/span>Other International Systems are:<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>The F.P.S. System<\/strong> is the British Engineering system of units. In this system unit of length is foot, of mass is pound and of time is second.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>The C.G.S. System<\/strong> is the Gaussian system. In this system units of length, mass and time are centimetre, gram and second respectively.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>The M.K.S. System<\/strong> in this system the units of length, mass and time are metre, kilogram and second respectively.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"DIMENSIONS\"><\/span>DIMENSIONS<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Application of Dimensional Analysis<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">In Conversion of Units from One System to Other<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">To Check the Dimensional Correctness of a Given Physical Relation<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">To Establish the Relation among Various Physical Quantities<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">To Check the Dimensional Correctness of a Given Physical Relation<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">To Establish the Relation among Various Physical Quantities<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">To Find Dimensions of Physical Constants or Coefficients<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"SIGNIFICANT-FIGURES\"><\/span>SIGNIFICANT FIGURES<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The rules for determining the number of significant figures are as follows :<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">All the non-zero digits are significant.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">All the zeros between two non-zero digits are significant, no matter where the decimal point is<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">If the number is less than 1, the zeros on the right of decimal point but to the left of 1st non-zero<br \/>\ndigit are not significant.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">All the zeros to the right of the last non-zero digit (trailing zeros) in a number without a decimal<br \/>\npoint are not significant, unless they come from experiment.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">The trailing zeros in a number with a decimal point are significant.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Significant-Figure-in-Algebraic-Operation\"><\/span>Significant Figure in Algebraic Operation<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">In addition, or subtraction, the final result should retain as many decimal places as are there in the number with the least decimal place.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">In multiplication or division, the number of significant digits in the final result should be equal to the number of significant digits in the quantity, which has the minimum number of significant digits.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Rounding-Off-The-Uncertain-Digit-Least-Significant-Digit\"><\/span>Rounding Off The Uncertain Digit (Least Significant Digit)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The least significant digit is rounded according the rules given below :<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>If the digit next to the least significant (Uncertain) digit is more than 5, the digit to be rounded is increased by 1.<\/li>\n<li>If the digit next to the one rounded is less than 5, the digit to be rounded is left unchanged.<\/li>\n<li>If the digit next to the one rounded is 5, then the digit to be rounded is increased by 1 if it is odd and left unchanged if it is even.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"ERROR-ANALYSIS-IN-EXPERIMENTS\"><\/span>ERROR ANALYSIS IN EXPERIMENTS<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>(i) Mean of Observations:<\/strong> Suppose the observations of a physical quantity are X<sub>1<\/sub>, X<sub>2<\/sub>, X<sub>3<\/sub> &#8230;.. X<sub>n<\/sub>. Arithmetic mean of these observations X<sub>mean<\/sub> is defined as :<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1096 size-full aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.meniit.com\/study-material\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/formula-21.png\" alt=\"formula\" width=\"356\" height=\"65\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.meniit.com\/study-material\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/formula-21.png 356w, https:\/\/www.meniit.com\/study-material\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/formula-21-300x55.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 356px) 100vw, 356px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>The arithmetic mean of these observations is taken as best possible value of the quantity under the given conditions of measurement.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>(ii) Absolute Error:<\/strong> The magnitude of the difference between the true value of the quantity and the individual measurement value is called the absolute error of the measurement.<\/p>\n<p>(Arithmetic mean is taken as true value of number of observations).<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1099 size-full aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.meniit.com\/study-material\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/absolute-error.png\" alt=\"absolute error\" width=\"161\" height=\"137\" \/><\/p>\n<p>The absolute error may be positive or negative.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>(iii) Absolute Mean Error:<\/strong> The average of the mod of errors is called the average or mean error.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1100 size-full aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.meniit.com\/study-material\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/absolute-mean-error.png\" alt=\"absolute mean error\" width=\"340\" height=\"69\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.meniit.com\/study-material\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/absolute-mean-error.png 340w, https:\/\/www.meniit.com\/study-material\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/absolute-mean-error-300x61.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 340px) 100vw, 340px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>(iv) Relative Error:<\/strong> The relative error is the ratio of the mean absolute error \u2206X<sub>mean<\/sub> to the mean value X<sub>mean<\/sub> of the quantity measured.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1101 size-full aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.meniit.com\/study-material\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/relative-error.png\" alt=\"relative error\" width=\"209\" height=\"56\" \/><\/p>\n<p><strong>(v) Percentage Error:<\/strong> When the relative error is expressed in percent, it called the percentage error.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1103 size-full aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.meniit.com\/study-material\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/percentage-error.png\" alt=\"percentage error\" width=\"449\" height=\"69\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.meniit.com\/study-material\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/percentage-error.png 449w, https:\/\/www.meniit.com\/study-material\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/percentage-error-300x46.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 449px) 100vw, 449px\" \/><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Combination-of-Errors\"><\/span>Combination of Errors<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><strong>Errors in Sum or Difference<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Let,\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0X = A \u00b1 B<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Further, let \u2206A is the absolute error in the measurement of A, \u2206B the absolute error in the measurement of B and \u2206X is the absolute error in the measurement of X.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1106 size-full aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.meniit.com\/study-material\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/errors-in-sum.png\" alt=\"errors in sum \" width=\"774\" height=\"69\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.meniit.com\/study-material\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/errors-in-sum.png 774w, https:\/\/www.meniit.com\/study-material\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/errors-in-sum-300x27.png 300w, https:\/\/www.meniit.com\/study-material\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/errors-in-sum-768x68.png 768w, https:\/\/www.meniit.com\/study-material\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/errors-in-sum-760x69.png 760w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 774px) 100vw, 774px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><strong>Errors in Product<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1109 size-full aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.meniit.com\/study-material\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/error-in-product.png\" alt=\"error in product\" width=\"772\" height=\"492\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.meniit.com\/study-material\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/error-in-product.png 772w, https:\/\/www.meniit.com\/study-material\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/error-in-product-300x191.png 300w, https:\/\/www.meniit.com\/study-material\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/error-in-product-768x489.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 772px) 100vw, 772px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Therefore, maximum fractional error in product of two (or more) quantities is equal to sum of fractional errors in the individual quantities.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Errors in Division<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1111 size-full aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.meniit.com\/study-material\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/errors-in-division.png\" alt=\"errors in division\" width=\"768\" height=\"541\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.meniit.com\/study-material\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/errors-in-division.png 768w, https:\/\/www.meniit.com\/study-material\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/errors-in-division-300x211.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Errors-in-Quantity-raised-to-Some-Power\"><\/span>Errors in Quantity raised to Some Power<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1136 size-full aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.meniit.com\/study-material\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Errors-in-Quantity-raised-to-Some-Power.png\" alt=\"Errors in Quantity raised to Some Power\" width=\"573\" height=\"315\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.meniit.com\/study-material\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Errors-in-Quantity-raised-to-Some-Power.png 573w, https:\/\/www.meniit.com\/study-material\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Errors-in-Quantity-raised-to-Some-Power-300x165.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 573px) 100vw, 573px\" \/><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"MEASURING-INSTRUMENT\"><\/span>MEASURING INSTRUMENT<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Vernier-Callipers\"><\/span>Vernier Callipers<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Lease count = 1 M.S.D. \u2013 1 V.S.D.<br \/>\nTotal reading, T.R. = M.S.R. + V.S.R. = N + n \u00d7 (V.C.)<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Screw-Gauge\"><\/span>Screw Gauge<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1137 size-full aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.meniit.com\/study-material\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/screw-gauge.png\" alt=\"screw gauge\" width=\"601\" height=\"118\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.meniit.com\/study-material\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/screw-gauge.png 601w, https:\/\/www.meniit.com\/study-material\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/screw-gauge-300x59.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 601px) 100vw, 601px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"newspaper-x-tags\"><strong>TAGS: <\/strong><span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.meniit.com\/study-material\/tag\/electromagnetic-force\" rel=\"tag\">Electromagnetic Force<\/a><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.meniit.com\/study-material\/tag\/gravitational-force\" rel=\"tag\">Gravitational Force<\/a><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.meniit.com\/study-material\/tag\/strong-nuclear-force\" rel=\"tag\">Strong Nuclear Force<\/a><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.meniit.com\/study-material\/tag\/units-and-measurement\" rel=\"tag\">Units and Measurement<\/a><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.meniit.com\/study-material\/tag\/weak-nuclear-force\" rel=\"tag\">Weak Nuclear Force<\/a> <\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>FUNDAMENTAL FORCES IN NATURE There are four fundamental forces in nature : Gravitational Force Gravitational force is weakest force and&nbsp;&nbsp;&#8230;.<a class=\"read_more\" href=\"https:\/\/www.meniit.com\/study-material\/neet\/class-11th\/physics-class-11th\/units-and-measurement\" rel=\"nofollow\">Read More >><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":1277,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"rank_math_lock_modified_date":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[425,241,240],"tags":[428,427,429,426,430],"class_list":["post-1079","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-physics-class-11th","category-class-11th","category-neet","tag-electromagnetic-force","tag-gravitational-force","tag-strong-nuclear-force","tag-units-and-measurement","tag-weak-nuclear-force"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.meniit.com\/study-material\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1079","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.meniit.com\/study-material\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.meniit.com\/study-material\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.meniit.com\/study-material\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.meniit.com\/study-material\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1079"}],"version-history":[{"count":9,"href":"https:\/\/www.meniit.com\/study-material\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1079\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1153,"href":"https:\/\/www.meniit.com\/study-material\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1079\/revisions\/1153"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.meniit.com\/study-material\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1277"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.meniit.com\/study-material\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1079"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.meniit.com\/study-material\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1079"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.meniit.com\/study-material\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1079"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}